jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

10

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

7

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

6

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

5

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

4

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

4

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

4

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

4

honorific/polite/humble prefix

3

-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now

3

to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with

3

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

2

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

2

such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!

2

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

2

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

2

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

2

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

2

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

2

it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?

2

yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof

2

grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)

2

guidance counseling

2

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

1

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

1

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

1

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

1

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

1

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

1

to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed

1

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

1

nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

1

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

1

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

1

that; those; the

1

to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)

1

in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward

1

also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise

1

talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor

1

that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)

1

room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable

1

to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)

1

definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness

1

unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate

1

(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally

1

to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up

1