jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

9

I; me

5

older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella

5

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

3

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

3

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

3

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

3

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

2

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

2

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

2

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

2

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

2

so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already

2

that; those; the

2

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

2

for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first

2

sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid

2

but; however; although

2

to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!

2

as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also

2

strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance

2

cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike

2

to pass (examination)

2

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

1

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

1

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

1

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

1

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

1

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

1

to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

1

yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's

1

myself; yourself; I; me; you

1

to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember

1

now; the present time; just now; another; more

1

to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)

1

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

1

although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish

1

talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor

1

that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?

1

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

1

this sort of; this kind of; like this; such

1

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

1