indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
what's the matter?; what's wrong?
sorry; excuse me; thank you