indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)