indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Claus; Crouse; Klaus; Kraus; Krauss; Krausz
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
firing (esp. a rocket or missile); launching; shooting; ejaculation
deputy head; deputy director; vice chief (of something); executive officer (navy)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
(some) more; even more; longer; further
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed