indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
than; from; out of; except; but; more
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
war; battle; match; game; competition
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
strangeness; abnormality; disorder
behind; in the rear; in back
firing (esp. a rocket or missile); launching; shooting; ejaculation
gear; speed (e.g. 4-speed transmission)
Claus; Crouse; Klaus; Kraus; Krauss; Krausz