indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
that day; the very same day
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I don't know ...; how about ...?; I wonder; what about ..?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
whim; caprice; whimsy; fickle; moody; uneven temper
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
how; in what way; how about
to attempt; to test; to try out
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
rate; late; rating; ranking
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
dull; uninteresting; insignificant; unimportant; absurd; foolish
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
tedium; boredom; dullness; to feel bored; to get bored with; to get tired of
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
all; entire; whole; altogether
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...