indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
genuine article; real thing; real deal
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof