indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
site; point on a map; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
dimension; perspective; point of reference; level (of something)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates position in a sequence; divisions of a kabuki performance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
offender; criminal; culprit
destructive blast; blowing up; explosion
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question