indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
how; in what way; how about
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to