indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
memory; memory; recollection; remembrance
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
pish; pooh; I see; oh; indeed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back