indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
little by little; bit by bit; sparingly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort