indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
suffix for familiar person
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more