indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
suffix for familiar person
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
how; in what way; how about
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)