indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
suffix for familiar person
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
chalice (for Holy Communion); Holy Chalice; Holy Grail
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen