flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
use; utilization; utilisation; application
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
goodness; excellence; virtue
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
instead of; replacing; on behalf of
punishment; spanking; smacking; chastisement; scolding
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
goodbye; so long; saying goodbye to (e.g. life as a bachelor); putting an end to; farewell (performance, party, etc.); final
silly person; dumb-bunny; dope
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
split among friends; falling out; internal discord
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
extinction; extinguishment; disappearance; annihilation
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she