indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
myself; yourself; I; me; you
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise