indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside one's heart; in one's mind
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
moral support; emotional support; spiritual support
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
spirit of a poem; true meaning of a poem
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to trample underfoot; to tread on; to crush with a foot
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
instead of; replacing; on behalf of
punishment; spanking; smacking; chastisement; scolding
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
river; stream; River; the ... river
perfectly; right on the mark; spot on; enough; sufficiently; thoroughly
to be effective; to take effect; to work; to function well; to be possible (to do, use, etc.); to be able to
how long; how far; how much
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
in this way; along these lines; similarly
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
disappointed love; broken heart; unrequited love; being lovelorn
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence