indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
mask; disguise; guise; mask
(rock) crystal; high purity quartz
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)