indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
please (give me); please (do for me)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
lost article; something forgotten