junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
hot water and tea; hot drinks (esp. while entertaining)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
great; excellent; distinguished; important; awful; terrible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
tranquil; calm; quiet; mild (weather); balmy
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
running; tank top (worn as an undergarment or sportswear); vest; singlet
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)