junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
chime; bell (e.g. doorbell)
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
club activities; extracurricular activities
holiday; day off; sleep; rest; good night
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
throat; singing voice; gutter (inner margins of a book)
cunning; wiliness; craftiness
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
tranquil; calm; quiet; mild (weather); balmy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to follow; to shadow; to hanker after; to hover around
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
failure; mistake; blunder
continuation; rest (of the story, work, etc.); flow (e.g. of a piece of writing); pacing (of a story); succession (of); sequence
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful