indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
latte; caffè latte; radio and television
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
bow-wow; woof; wah-wah; bawling; clamouring; clamoring
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
suffix for familiar person
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you
tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; the present time; just now; another; more