junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
suffix for familiar person
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
tranquil; calm; quiet; mild (weather); balmy
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
affinity; compatibility; chemistry (between people)
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
myself; yourself; I; me; you
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
at the most; at best; to the utmost; as much as possible; as much as one can
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work