junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
had better ...; had better not ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience