junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
lightly (floating, drifting, etc.); buoyantly; soft; fluffy; unsteadily; flightily
yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
latte; caffè latte; radio and television
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
extreme; ultra; mega; damn; stupid; cursed
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)