indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
special training; intensive training; crash course
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
purification; cleanup (e.g. of politics); purge
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise