indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
eternity; permanence; perpetuity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking