indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!