indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
dead body; corpse; cadaver; carcass
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
offender; criminal; culprit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Hagakure (treatise on bushido as told to Tashiro Tsuramoto by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, 1716)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
eager; earnest; ardent; OFF (on switch)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Ceres (dwarf planet); Ceres (Roman goddess)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very