indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
eager; earnest; ardent; OFF (on switch)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
blade; sword; forged blade; wavy pattern on forged blades; sharpness; unhulled rice
headmaster; principal; dean; provost; rector
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
black curtain; wirepuller; mastermind; backroom manipulator
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing