indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
foreign substance; foreign body; strange object; unusual object; (arch.) dead body; (arch.) corpse
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
cell; cell (in an organization, esp. a communist party)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hair; fur; wool; down; plumage
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
leukocyte; leucocyte; white blood cell
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
please (give me); please (do for me)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise