indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
circulation; dissemination
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
how; in what way; how about
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to