indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you