indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
change in pronunciation or meaning of a word; sound change; word with an altered pronunciation or meaning; turning or twisting part of a text (in Chinese poetry)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
technique; art; skill; move
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
untrodden (region, field of study, etc.); unprecedented (discovery, achievement, etc.)
bold move (in sumo, judo, etc.); daring move; powerful technique
name; given name; first name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
(fighting) spirit; motivation; shout (for getting in the right mood to deal with something, etc.); cheer; kiai; short shout when performing an attacking move
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little