indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
noise (usu. unpleasant); interference (e.g. radio); static; gossip; irresponsible criticism
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
gymnastics; physical exercises; artistic gymnastics; gymnastics competition; physical education (class); PE
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
senior high school; high school
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
at the same time as; while; as well as (multiple roles)
corporate (e.g. sports team); business organization; business corporation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
(stage) appearance; performance; participation (e.g. in a tournament)
whirlwind; sensation; commotion; hullabaloo
to create (a sensation); to give rise to (controversy)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
family; members of a family
time; hour; period; class
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)