indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
politics; government; peace; (arch.) medical treatment; (arch.) cure
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
wooden figure; wooden doll; puppet; blockhead; good-for-nothing; fool
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others