indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
adds force or indicates command
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
morpho (butterfly, Morpho sp.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
than; from; out of; except; but; more
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop