indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
than; from; out of; except; but; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate