indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to find; to discover; to come across; to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
key; lock; key (to a problem, success, etc.); clue
location (of something); whereabouts; hiding place
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
inevitable; necessary; certain; inevitability; necessity
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
peace of mind; relief; (sense of) security; safety; assurance; confidence
please (give me); please (do for me)
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid