indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not