indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beautiful woman; (a) beauty
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to finger; to touch; to make changes to; to tinker with; to dabble in; to do as a hobby
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
adds force or indicates command
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
admirable; commendable; praiseworthy; laudable; brave; heroic
gap; difference; disparity; discrepancy
sprouting; budding; crush (esp. on an imaginary character in manga, etc.); fascination; infatuation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
useless; no good; hopeless
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
zealous; enthusiastic; ardent; fervent; keen; eager
smirkingly; broadly (grinning)
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to become serious; to take something seriously (joke, teasing); to become irritated or angry (usu. at something trivial); to get worked up
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling