indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave