indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
background; scenery; background (of an incident, situation, etc.); circumstances; backing; support (from behind the scenes)
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count