indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
to grow up; to become an adult
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)