indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
(within) the (Tokyo) metropolitan area
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
living by oneself; living alone
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
university student; college student
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to repeat; to do something over again
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
parting; separation; farewell
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
for the first time in one's life
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
only; merely; but; no more than
to be given the cold shoulder; to be jilted; to be rejected; to be dumped
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
suffix for familiar person
this way and that; (by) various means; (by) every means
to shorten; to reduce; to crumple (fabric); to wrinkle; to make (one's body) smaller; to draw in (one's legs)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name