indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
wave motion; undulation; surge; wave
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
firing (esp. a rocket or missile); launching; shooting; ejaculation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
reflection; reverberation; reflex; reflexes
base (military, expedition, etc.)
(natural) satellite; moon; (artificial) satellite
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain; mine; colliery; owner of a mountain; operator of a mine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage