indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wave motion; undulation; surge; wave
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
floating; drifting; suspension; (arch.) wandering (about)
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
orbit; trajectory; railroad track; (right) track; proper course
warp (fictional faster-than-light spacecraft propulsion)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)