suffering; distress; hardship; trial
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
older brother; elder brother
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
will; testament; last request
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
gate (for entry, boarding, etc.); gate; logic element
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Milky Way galaxy; Milky Way; the Galaxy; galactic system; galaxy
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten