indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wave motion; undulation; surge; wave
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...